Failure of Communism in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Failure of Communism in Russia - Essay Example The Russian radicals, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin, shoved out the moderate Mensheviks and imposed a totalitarian, socialist political ideology that completely obliterated capitalism and tsarist authoritarianism (Cohen,1980,p.42). Lenin, with Leon Trotsky as his main Communism engineer, adopted and modified the Communism concepts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as contained in The Communist Manifesto. In 1918, the Communist Party of Russia was formalized and in 1919, the Comintern or the Communist International was established to export the Communist ideology throughout the whole world (Wang,1998,p.71). Afterwards, private ownership was abolished and all private properties and industries came under the control of the state. Collectivisation of agriculture, prohibition of opposition and all basic freedoms including freedom of the press and religion and propaganda were the order of the Bolshevik rule and all facets of life whether political, social, economic or cultural were under tight Communism grip. The Stalin Era worsened the people's conditions as the Great Purge was set into motion immolating millions of Russians who threatened in any way Stalin's power and domination (Daniels,1985,p.173). The Russian economy failed to soar and instead plummeted during Khruschev, Brezhnev and Andropov's totalitarian rules. Gorbachev tried to revive an ailing communist government in Russia with his perestroika or rebuilding or reconstruction and glasnost or "being open to the public" but to no avail. The Russian satellites one by one declared their independence and the Iron Curtain was completely rent. Yeltsin was left with no recourse but declare the demise of the Communist Party and the termination of the USSR on December 8, 1991 (Leonard,2006,p.702). Causes of the Failure of Communism In Russia Communism in Russia was doomed right from the start. It cannot claim any legitimacy and any illegitimate government flirts with being eradicated at the most opportune time. The Bolshevik government can never claim to be legitimate right from the outset because it wrested power from the provisional government set up by the Russian Duma by illegitimate means. The Bolsheviks were just "a small, united band of revolutionary fanatics brilliantly led by Lenin" (Rabinowitch,2007,p.ix) who subverted the will of the majority by illegally imposing their own will by "undemocratic methods .i.e. rigged elections, terror, totalitarian state, harassment and threats" (Kehoe, 1988,pp. 25,32). The peasantry, which comprised 80% of the Russian population at that time were neither communists, socialists or of any political color but were

The bottled water industry and its effects Essay

The bottled water industry and its effects - Essay Example Another is by strengthening the practices of water conservation. By the year 2012, consumption of bottled water in the United States had risen to almost ten billion gallons representing 5.3% per capita consumption. It was estimated that every individual drank about thirty gallons yearly. Packaged water saw an upsurge in real volume more than any other category of beverage in the country. Sales had increased by 6.7 per cent totaling about eleven billion dollars (Eshleman, 7). The reasons provided for the monumental consumption of this water are that most consumers pay close attention to healthy choices for themselves as well as their families and are assured that a refreshing, safe and convenient bottle of water contains no calories, making it the most suitable choice on the menu. Many also appreciate the reliability and consistency of its quality. Both federal and state governments comprehensively regulate bottled water. The FDA (Food & Drug Administration) regulates it in the food product category, with guidelines that govern its quality as well as its safety, which are as rigorous as those of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of tap water (Andrews et al., 174). In spite of this, the bottled water industry has been facing a few challenges with regard to the field of sustainability. In the recent past, colossal opposition against bottled water has developed among an eclectic assortment of such advocates as restaurateurs, activists and even religious leaders. The propositions of the sector’s operations have evoked vocal protestation from local communities. Their rationale is that the production of bottled water requires a lot of energy and generates large amounts of waste that could have long-term environmental effects. Various cities like Chicago have begun taking up action in this respect by taxing bottled water. Others, such as San Francisco have completely banned bottled water from official functions. Toronto has not only banned the

Using Roles Paper Essay Example for Free

Using Roles Paper Essay This paper will discuss a better way to control user access to data is to tie data access to the role a user plays in an organization. It will cover the value of separating duties in the organization. Then discuss the value of using roles to segregate the data and system access needs of individuals in the organization. Then describe in detail why a role-based access control system (RBAC) would be the best way to accomplish this. Finally, how to handle distributed trust management issues for users going to or from business partner networks. The value of separation of duties is an essential security standard that certifies that a specific user does not have a proficiency to misuse his or her capabilities or make substantial oversights. No user should have the influence to cause destruction acting on his or her acknowledge. The security standard is not confined to computer systems and has been in use in modern society for eras. Allocating that function into separate steps is crucial for the purpose to work, or for the command that enables that function to be neglected. Splitting the roles across multiple departments and different locations can help subsidize duty to reducing fundamental threat. At the same time separations of duty limitations have been composed into an information system, users are looking for ways around the access authorizations because of pressure. In large organizations it is the role of the auditor to detect these intervals of control but often this is an unattainable assignment. Whenever it is difficult to segregate, other devices such as monitoring of activities, audit trails should be anticipated. It is important that security audit stays impartial. RBAC model provides a wide scope throughout a company to control method for managing IT assets although still sustaining the most wanted level of security. Role-based permissions can be inserted and renovated quickly across multiple systems, applications and wide range of sites right from the IT department’s laptop or desktop. RBAC systems are constructed to extend functioning occurrence and tactical business ethic. It can modernize and computerize many transactions and business functions and provide users with the resources to achieve their job swifter with the user holding more accountability. Providing the RBAC system, an organization  can live up to their potentials for discretion and secrecy. IT personnel and supervisors can observe how data is being used and edited based on real world needs. With RBAC system being used HR can enter new hires brisker and can lock out an employee for access areas not required to perform his or her job. It also helps employees with their effectiveness and production by purging the redundancy and admin tasks under other security systems. Most companies do not want to take the time to setup th is system. It is tidiest practices that take time to acquire and manage the appropriate way. If a company invests in time to implement that framework of RBAC it will pay off in the end. Overseeing the level of confidence is a crucial security requirement. Trust management comprises of trust creation, prosecution, and examining. Once a trust agreement is determined and utilized to administer the inter-organizational security policy. It is imperative that none of the trust agreements concedes or encounter with current personnel organization’s policies and limitations. The relationship should balance rather than switch current local security policies. A security restriction, in its general use, states that confines someone from doing something. It is proposed to provide system integrity. It is also defined to describe incomparable security roles, such as sequential limitations. The limitation may safeguard the sincerity of a requester based on information stowed in the auditing archive. It may also assess the constancy of a operation by taking into account the location, time, and risk correlated with the operation. In a consensus, self-assurance limitations are used to differentiate an un-safe state. The intrusion also can be handled by evolving exceptions or events, which spawn some counter-measure rules. These rules act upon actions, such as sensitive data filtering, query modification before administering demands, and cryptographic procedures. A trust agreement represents affiliations between cooperating organizations concerning security and expectation of policies. To institute a trust understanding, a source contributor organization and a resource requestor establishment would cooperate with each other to explain a set of security strategies and limits that they conjointly agree to administer. The conferred trust arrangement encompasses, rules should require the certification amenity, which associates would be diagramed to which distinct role, and what limitati ons coupled with the diagramming. Cooperate with each  other’s business requirement for an agreement to be precise clearly in requisites of what subcategory of his or her assets they are prepared to divulge to whom, and how they can safeguard messages from a risk, at the function level. Notice that in this work the expectation arrangement condition reports only the security-related concerns such as certificate-based authentication. Additional categories of inter-organizational policies, such as observing or deterrence of non-compliance and retribution of policy defilement, are critical, but beyond the capacity of this study. The structural design entails of a network of Trusted Collaboration (TC) nodes, which intermingle as colleagues in the network. A TC node is an established of hardware and software beneath the management and influence of a company. Substantially, a TC node is shielded by using innovative router and firewall equipment, which facilitate and regulation the traffic stream into and out of the TC node. It implements the security policies and limitations dependable with the security goals and necessities of an company. Also accomplishes protected distribution of its resources based on its recognized trust affiliations with the TC nodes of its cooperating associates. Each Trusted Collaboration (TC) node is capable of establishing trust and contractual relationships with others without resorting to a centralized controller. This trust report will be exhausted to make authentication and authorization choices for assistance demands. A user in a TC node can have access to the protected resources in another TC node, possibly through multiple intermediary TC nodes. In conclusion, the paper covered the value of separating duties in the organization. Then went over using roles to segregate the data and system access needs of individuals in the organization and why a role-based access control system would be the best way to accomplish this. Setting a process can help distribute trust management issues for the users going to or from business partner networks. Developing a role-based system helps personnel know what his or her roles are in order to complete the job at hand. Creating way personnel can only access duties that have to do with their department and not get into another part of the system without getting permission first. References O’Brien, J. A., Marakas, G. M. (2011). Management information systems (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Stallings, W., Brown, L. (2012) Computer security: Principles and practice (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Whitman, M. E., Mattord, H. J. (2010). Management of information security (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Breast Cancer and Palliative Care Issues

Breast Cancer and Palliative Care Issues Hina Mirza The purpose of this writing is to highlight issues of the patient in palliative consideration, which a patient faced throughout the disease process and at terminal stage of illness. Moreover, it will drag one’s attention towards some strategies to deal patient with advance cancer. A 54 year old female with known case of ductal cell carcinoma of left breast, came to the hospital with the complaint of oozing and pain in fungating wound large in size present at the primary site of tumor. When I encountered the patient, she was very drowsy and unable to talk due to mouth ulcers that have been developed a week ago. Upon taking history from the patient’s attendants, they verbalize that the patient got breast cancer for 1.5 years and since then she was on homeopathic treatment. Moreover, the patient initially didn’t inform anyone about her disease, not even to her husband. Later, when symptoms got exacerbate she disclosed her problem to the family members. Consequently, she was taken to a cancer hospital, where a doctor recommended her for a biopsy. Thus, the results revealed breast carcinoma. Even after, she didn’t consult to the doctor and continued her homeopathic medication. While taking care of the patient, I got an opportunity to approach her about the reasons behind postponement in the diagnosis and the variables that make her condition decline. One of the reasons she gave in regards to not counseling a specialist or not having a legitimate treatment was monetary instability, an alternate reason was absence of awareness with respect to tumor treatment and misconceptions identified with its side effects. Besides, after a time of 1 year when her condition got crumble and a tumor in her breast uncovered as fungating wound, a relative took her again to the cancer hospital, from that point she was referred to the Baitul Sukoon for palliative consideration. The patient verbalizes torment because of mouth ulcers and as indicated by speciali sts her tumor has been metastasized to different parts of the body including liver and brain. Moreover, the patient likewise expressed that she will give priority to the treatment other than surgery on the grounds that she is afraid about losing her breast and it will alter her body image. In addition to it, the patient’s attendant stated that her nutrition pattern has been also effected which causes weakness. The patient was prepared and very much aware of her condition. For a week she has been on laxatives and as indicated by the specialist she had developed encephalopathy. Following 2 weeks of hospitalization; she died because of deteriorated condition. Breast cancer is a serious health issue among women throughout the world. According to a consultant at Shaukat Khanam Memorial Cancer Hospital, in Pakistan it is estimated that 1 in 9 women develops breast cancer once at any stage of their life. Cancer affects a person not only physically, but also cause spiritual, sexual, and psychological distress. When considering a physical domain of the patient in palliative care, she was suffering from pain and mouth ulcers which as a result altered her communication pattern. On the other hand, she was very drowsy, her dietary intake has also decreased and the patient has not passed stools for 2 days. Looking forward to the above mentioned symptoms firstly, mouth sore is among common indications in cancer patient in light of the fact that when patients are in critical condition, they lack oral hygiene as a result becomes more prone to infection. In addition to it, infections in cancer patients remain a major complication due to effects of malig nancy i.e. neutropenia. These patients require prompt antibiotics (Bodey, 2004). As the patient mentioned in the above scenario was getting augmentation. As indicated by literature, oral cavity plays a vital role in communication and dietary pattern and in cancer patient alterations in the oral cavity is common because of the certainty of diminished in preventive consideration (Eilers Million, 2011). Secondly, impaired oral cavity results in decreased intake of food that is critical at this stage of cancer. Decline in nutrition is considered normal at the terminal stage of life as a result malnutrition, cachexia is commonly found in patient with palliative care (Capra, ferguson, Ried, 2001). Thirdly, the patient was showing symptoms of encephalopathy. As literature evidenced that as an outcome of some metabolic disturbance, encephalopathy is a common clinical syndrome in cancer patients (Lore, Anne, Patrick, Simon, 2012). Relating it to the above scenario, the patient has been be d ridden for 2 months, not passing stool and she has been on laxative since 2 weeks. The purpose of giving laxative was to prevent hyper ammonia in the body which can cause encephalopathy. According to Willson, Nott, Broadbridge, Price (2013) hepatic encephalopathy as a result of liver infiltration is common among metastatic malignancy. Analyzing the psycho-social factors that becomes hindrance to care and approach to treatment as part palliative care were fear related to losing her breast, unawareness of the patient and her family members about disease and treatment options linked with socio-cultural barriers, financial issues, and preference towards alternative drugs i.e. homeopathic treatment. According to a research it was found that patients with breast cancer who consulted a doctor had fear of mastectomies. Firstly, the reason behind fear was lack of awareness about treatment option available for breast cancer such as procedures that are less invasive like lumpectomies. Due to the fact, women avoid availing proper check up and maintained non-compliance to the cancer therapy (Memon et al., 2013). Secondly, among socio-cultural barriers, lack of information related to disease due to low education reported by women. This ultimately delays the approach to health care, even with prominent signs and symptoms of a di sease such as nodule, edema and erythema. One of the reasons behind avoidance is social myths, society including friends and family gives different meaning to these symptoms, which minimize its seriousness. Moreover, cultural barriers have strong impact on getting awareness related to breast cancer. According to Banning, Hassan, Faisal, Hafeez (2010) many Asian women do not perform self breast examination because of a taboo related to touching own body parts, feeling embarrassment to discuss intimate body parts and to consult a male physician. According to literature myths around the pathology of breast cancer causes late diagnosis and hindrance to care (Goncalves et al., 2014). Thirdly, cancer treatment is considered financially devastating burden to the family because they have to pay for the treatment by themselves (Daher, 2012). Therefore, initiating treatment becomes psychologically distressing for the patient and for the family. Relating it to the scenario, the patient didnâ €™t disclose her problem to the family member due to myths and unawareness related to disease. Lastly, in my opinion the main factor that contributes to delay in diagnosis and worse the patient’s condition was preferences for homeopathic medicine and this again could be linked with lack of awareness related to the availability of treatment options. According to a research it’s commonly reported that individual with cancer seek alternative medicine due to misconception associated with treatment options (Daher, 2012). Moreover, unconventional methods, including traditional herbal medicine and healers over doctors for cancer treatment also reported in a study of women associated with delay seeking medical advice (Memon et al., 2013). Numerous factors contribute towards, delay and obstruction in treatment of breast malignancy. In terms of prioritize the variables that add to delay in diagnosis were unawareness related to the options available for treatment, socio-cultural hindrances, choosing alternative medicine, and financial issues. On individual level health professionals must respect autonomy of the patient and inclination of treatment. It is ones obligation to explain potential harm of such alternative treatment. Besides, when health care prrovider experience patients with breast tumor, they should explain its risk factors and preventive measures to the patient and their family members for precautionary purpose. On hospital level, staff should be well trained to deal cross culturally and care for the patient with interdisciplinary aspects and according to patients needs. These can include care according to patient’s comfortability level, counseling patient’s family regarding disease and helping them to select suitable and appropriate treatment options. Moreover, the Government should organize an awareness program to educate the patient with respect to primary prevention, which includes awareness related to self breast examination, treatment options that are less invasive as a secondary prevention and tertiary prevention that should include the concept of palliative care, and information about the institution that provide palliative and hospice care. On the other hand, female health care professionals should be given first priority to be trained to deal with culturally sensitive issues. Together, these contributions can help to eradicate issues related to breast cancer and will support patients suffering from it. References Banning,M., Hassan,M., Faisal,S., Hafeez,H. (2010). Cultural interrelationships and the lived experience of Pakistani breast cancer patients.European Journal of Oncology Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2010.05.001 B-Articles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shaukatkhanum.org.pk/news-a-events/events/228.html BODEY,G. (1986). Infection in cancer patients: A continuing association.American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90510-3 Capra,S., Ferguson,M., Ried,K. (2001). Cancer: impact of nutrition intervention outcome—nutrition issues for patients.Nutrition. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00632-3 Daher,M. (2012). Cultural beliefs and values in cancer patients.Annals of Oncology. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds091 Eilers,J., Million,R. (2011). Clinical Update: Prevention and Management of Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer.Seminars in Oncology Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2011.08.001 Gonà §alves,L.C., Travassos,G.L., Almeida,A.M., Guimarà £es,A.N., Gois,C.F. (2014). Barriers in health care to breast cancer: perception of women*. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1590/S0080-623420140000300002 Kingsley,C. (2010).Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Cancer Screening, Early Detection and Care in the Latino Population. Lore,L., Anne,S., Patrick,S., Simon,V.B. (2012). Neoplasm Related Encephalopathies. InMiscellanea on Encephalopathies A Second Look(pp.91-120). INTECH Open Access Publisher. Memon,Z.A., Shaikh,A.N., Rizwan,S., Sardar,M.B. (2013). Reasons for Patient’s Delay in Diagnosis of Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan. Retrieved from DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7409 Willson,K.J., Nott,L.M., Broadbridge,V.T., Price,T. (2013). Hepatic Encephalopathy Associated With Cancer or Anticancer Therapy.Gastrointest Cancer Research,6(1), 11-16. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597933/

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay Postmodernism was a late 20th century movement that opposed the Modernist preoccupation with purity of form and technique, and aimed to eradicate the divisions between art, popular culture, and the media. Postmodern artists employed influences from an array of past movements, applying them to modern forms. Postmodernists embraced diversity and rejected the distinction between high and low art. Ignoring genre boundaries, the movement encourages the mix of ideas, medias, and forms to promote parody, humor, and irony. -started 1960s in a church -the word postmodern after modern techniques Graham n Isadora -influced by Cunningham n cage -timely, moving on today Where Modernists tended to believe in the future and reject the past, Postmodernists are more pessimistic and do not see the world necessarily improving in the future. 1960-1970s even though it was short time Postmodernist music includes Philip Glasss minimalist works and John Cages collaborative performances in which he involved the audience. genres like ballet and modernism and develop new styles. The most famous of these pioneers was probably Anna Halprin, who based her choreography on real experiences, not classical works. Her group, the Dancers Workshop, usually avoided traditional technique and often performed outdoors instead of on a conventional stage. Another modern dance pioneer, Robert Dunn, believed that the process of art was more significant than the end product. Merce Cunningham experimented with the relationship between dance and music and created choreography that was unrelated to the music it was accompanied by. What Followed Postmodernism? Postmodern dance was a relatively short-lived movement, but it was a stepping stone to other artistic endeavors. Performance art, a movement featuring theatrical events realized through loosely structured combinations of events, grew out of the collaboration between dance and other art forms. Dancers like Twyla Tharp put their own stamp on postmodern theory and began a return to more structured choreography, making way for the contemporary dance genre of today. Postmodern dance is a 20th century concert dance form. A reaction to the compositional and presentation constraints of modern dance, postmodern dance hailed the use of everyday movement as valid performance art and advocated novel methods of dance composition. Claiming that any movement was dance, and any person was a dancer (with or without training) early postmodern dance was more closely aligned with ideology of modernism rather than the architectural, literary and design movements of postmodernism. However, the postmodern dance movement rapidly developed to embrace the ideology of postmodernism which was reflected in the wide variety of dance works emerging from Judson Dance Theater, the home of postmodern dance.[citation needed] Lasting from the 1960s to the 1970s the main thrust of Postmodern dance was relatively short lived but its legacy lives on in contemporary dance (a blend of modernism and postmodernism) and the rise of postmodernist choreographic processes that have produced a wide range of dance works in varying styles. Postmodern art is a term used to describe an art movement which was thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art, Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern. The traits associated with the use of the term postmodern in art include bricolage, use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, depiction of consumer or popular culture and Performance art.

New Orleans - Before The Civil War :: essays research papers

New Orleans is a city in southern Louisiana, located on the Mississippi River. Most of the city is situated on the east bank, between the river and Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Because it was built on a great turn of the river, it is known as the Crescent City. New Orleans, with a population of 496,938 (1990 census), is the largest city in Louisiana and one of the principal cities of the South. It was established on the high ground nearest the mouth of the Mississippi, which is 177 km (110 mi) downstream. Elevations range from 3.65 m (12 ft) above sea level to 2 m (6.5 ft) below; as a result, an ingenious system of water pumps, drainage canals, and levees has been built to protect the city from flooding. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville, and named for the regent of France, Philippe II, duc d'Orleans. It remained a French colony until 1763, when it was transferred to the Spanish. In 1800, Spain ceded it back to France; in 1803, New Orleans, along with the entire Louisiana Purchase, was sold by Napoleon I to the United States. It was the site of the Battle of New Orleans (1815) in the War of 1812. During the Civil War the city was besieged by Union ships under Adm. David Farragut; it fell on Apr. 25, 1862. And that's what it say's in the books, a bit more, but nothing else of interest. This is too bad, New Orleans , as a city, has a wide and diverse history that reads as if it were a utopian society built to survive the troubles of the future. New Orleans is a place where Africans, Indians and European settlers shared their cultures and intermingled. Encouraged by the French government, this strategy for producing a durable culture in a difficult place marked New Orleans as different and special from its inception and continues to distinguish the city today. Like the early American settlements along Massachusetts Bay and Chesapeake Bay, New Orleans served as a distinctive cultural gateway to North America, where peoples from Europe and Africa initially intertwined their lives and customs with those of the native inhabitants of the New World. The resulting way of life differed dramatically from the culture than was spawned in the English colonies of North America. New Orleans Creole population (those with ancestry rooted in the city's colonial era) ensured not only that English was not the prevailing language but also that Protestantism was scorned, public education unheralded, and democratic government untried.

Physician Assistant :: essays research papers

Thesis: Physician assistants are well-recognized and highly sought-after members of the health care team who, with doctors, provide quality care to patients. In order to do that, training, hard work, and a good education are required. I. As history says, physician assistants have always been a much needed commodity in health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Who came up with the idea for a physician assistant?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr. came up with the idea in 1965.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. He was chairman of the Department of Medicine at Duke University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Why was there a need for physician assistants?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. There was a shortage and uneven distribution of primary care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   physicians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. He selected Navy corpsmen who received considerable medical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   training during their military service in Vietnam. He based the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   curriculum on the fast-track training of doctors during World War II. II. Physician assistants are skilled health care practitioners who offer many common medical services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Physician assistants have many demanding responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Physician assistants can collect historical data, order lab tests, interpret   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lab results, read EKG’s, teach and counsel patients, assist physicians in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rounds, and record patient progress under a physician’s supervision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Physician assistants also have patient contact such as physical exams,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   suturing of wounds, assisting in surgery, giving injections and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   immunizations, venipuncture, applying casts, and prescribing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   medications all under a physician’s supervision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Physician assistants have training to care for eight out of ten people who visit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a family practitioner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. What does the job involve and what are your limitations set by the doctor? III. While physician assistants can do many things, there are differences between them and doctors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Besides the title, doctors and physician assistants have slightly different   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Physician assistants practice medicine with the supervision of a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   physician while a doctor is an independent practitioner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The doctors have complete responsibility for the care of the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physician assistants share the responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Doctors also make themselves available for the more difficult and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex procedures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. The main difference between a physician assistant and a doctor is education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. The Physician Assistant Program is about two-thirds of the time one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   would spend in medical school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Physician assistants don’t have an internship or a residency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IV. One of the most important things a physician assistant can have is a good education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. The first two years of college are very important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. A physician assistant will take a college curriculum and have classes